<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Mining Science and Technology (Russia)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Горные науки и технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0632</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The National University of Science and Technology MISiIS (NUST MISIS)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/2500-0632-2026-02-1113</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gscience-1113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SAFETY IN MINING AND PROCESSING INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ В МИНЕРАЛЬНО-СЫРЬЕВОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ И ОХРАНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Application of muonography method in geology and geophysics: opportunities and prospects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение метода мюонографии в геологии и геофизике: возможности и перспективы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-9105</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нина Сергеевна Коновалова – кандидат физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник международного научного центра в области экологии и вопросов изменения климата; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории элементарных частиц</p><p>г. Сочи; г. Москва</p><p>Scopus ID 7007009939</p><p>Researcher ID D-3882-2014</p><p>SPIN-код 1731-3687</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina S. Konovalova – Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Leading Researcher, International Research Center for Ecology and Climate Change; Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Fundamental Particles</p><p>Sochi; Moscow</p><p>ResearcherID D-3882-2014</p><p>Scopus ID 7007009939</p><p>SPIN 1731-3687</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ninakonovalova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8557-6612</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Окатьева</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Okateva</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Михайловна Окатьева – кандидат физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник международного научного центра в области экологии и вопросов изменения климата; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории элементарных частиц</p><p>г. Сочи; г. Москва</p><p>Scopus ID 56674684500</p><p>Researcher ID M-8565-2015</p><p>SPIN-код 3624-3124</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia M. Okateva – Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Leading Researcher, International Research Center for Ecology and Climate Change; Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Fundamental Particles</p><p>Sochi; Moscow</p><p>ResearcherID M-8565-2015</p><p>Scopus ID 56674684500</p><p>SPIN 3624-3124</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalya_okateva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-1772</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полухина</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polukhina</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Геннадьевна Полухина – доктор физико-математических наук, руководитель научной группы международного научного центра в области экологии и вопросов изменения климата; заведующая лабораторией элементарных частиц; ведущий эксперт</p><p>г. Сочи; г. Москва</p><p>Researcher ID AAH-7216-2019</p><p>Scopus ID 6603355151</p><p>SPIN-код 3412-3872</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia G. Polukhina – Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Head of Scientific Group, International Research Center for Ecology and Climate Change; Head of Laboratory of Fundamental Particles; Leading Expert</p><p>Sochi; Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID AAH-7216-2019</p><p>Scopus ID 6603355151</p><p>SPIN 3412-3872</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polukhinang@lebedev.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3830-4889</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрекалина</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strekalina</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дарья Михайловна Стрекалина – кандидат химических наук, заместитель руководителя научной группы международного научного центра в области экологии и вопросов изменения климата; младший научный сотрудник лаборатории элементарных частиц</p><p>г. Сочи; г. Москва</p><p>Researcher ID AAV-1487-2021</p><p>Scopus ID 56545836100</p><p>SPIN-код 9036-1374</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria M. Strekalina – Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Deputy Head of the Research Group, International Research Center for Ecology and Climate Change; Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Fundamental Particles</p><p>Sochi; Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID AAV-1487-2021</p><p>Scopus ID 56545836100</p><p>SPIN 9036-1374</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dasha_367@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1986-4143</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щедрина</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchedrina</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Викторовна Щедрина – доктор физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник международного научного центра в области экологии и вопросов изменения климата; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории элементарных частиц; ведущий эксперт</p><p>г. Сочи; г. Москва</p><p>Researcher ID L-1233-2015</p><p>Scopus ID 13404667000</p><p>SPIN-код 3087-7412</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana V. Shchedrina – Dr. Sci. (Phys.–Math.), Leading Researcher, International Research Center for Ecology and Climate Change; Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Fundamental Particles; Leading Expert</p><p>Sochi; Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID L-1233-2015</p><p>Scopus ID 13404667000</p><p>SPIN 3087-7412</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tvshchedrina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-технологический университет «Сириус»;&#13;
Физический институт имени П. Н. Лебедева РАН (ФИАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sirius University of Science and Technology;&#13;
P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-технологический университет «Сириус»;&#13;
Физический институт имени П. Н. Лебедева РАН (ФИАН);&#13;
Университет науки и технологий МИСИС</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sirius University of Science and Technology;&#13;
P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI);&#13;
University Science and Technology MISIS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Физический институт им. П.Н. Лебедева РАН (ФИАН), автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСИС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sirius University of Science and Technology;&#13;
P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI);&#13;
University Science and Technology MISIS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online_First</issue-title><elocation-id>1113</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Konovalova N.S., Okateva N.M., Polukhina N.G., Strekalina D.M., Shchedrina T.V., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коновалова Н.С., Окатьева Н.М., Полухина Н.Г., Стрекалина Д.М., Щедрина Т.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konovalova N.S., Okateva N.M., Polukhina N.G., Strekalina D.M., Shchedrina T.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1113">https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1113</self-uri><abstract><p>The muonography method is an innovative method for obtaining information about the internal condition of massive natural features and industrial facilities using cosmic radiation particles, namely high-energy atmospheric muons. The method studies the features of the passage of these particles through extended objects located on the earth’s surface and below it that allows for the detection of hidden density anomalies and their monitoring. Muonography can be used to solve a wide range of applied problems, from searching for mineral resources to assessing possible natural and man-made risks for civil infrastructure. The method is based on the analysis of the characteristics of muon fluxes after they pass through a target (the subject of research: a natural feature, or industrial facility, etc.). The presence of hidden areas of increased or decreased density inside a target changes the number of muons that have passed through it. Probing muons are recorded using detectors installed below and/or to the side of the area under study. Comparing the recorded muon fluxes with the expected ones allows not only to conclude about the presence of a hidden area of increased or decreased density, but also to determine its location and estimate its dimensions. Muonography is a promising tool for solving geological and geophysical problems, not only as a supplement to traditional approaches, but also as an independent experimental method for searching for mineral deposits, forecasting and analyzing the consequences of seismic and volcanic processes, assessing deformations in fault zones in landslide areas, karst massifs, etc. The authors of the paper have more than ten years of experience in conducting muonographic experiments using nuclear emulsion detectors that record atmospheric muons. As a result, unique developments were performed regarding the experimental setup, processing, and analysis of data obtained using photographic nuclear emulsion. The paper discusses the prospects and features of the muonographic technique as applied to geological and geophysical research.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Метод мюонографии представляет собой инновационный метод получения информации о внутреннем состоянии массивных природных и промышленных объектов с помощью частиц космического излучения – высокоэнергичных атмосферных мюонов. Метод изучает особенности прохождения этих частиц сквозь протяжённые объекты, расположенные на поверхности земли и под ней, что позволяет обнаруживать скрытые аномалии плотности и осуществлять их мониторинг. Мюонография может применяться для решения широкого класса прикладных задач – от поиска полезных ископаемых до оценки возможных природных и техногенных рисков для гражданской инфраструктуры. В основе метода лежит анализ характеристик потоков мюонов после их прохождения через объект исследования. Наличие внутри объекта скрытых областей повышенной или пониженной плотности изменяет количество прошедших через него мюонов. Зондирующие мюоны регистрируются с помощью детекторов, установленных ниже и/или сбоку исследуемой зоны. Сравнение зарегистрированных мюонных потоков с ожидаемыми позволяет не только сделать заключение о наличии скрытой области повышенной или пониженной плотности, но также определить её местоположение и оценить размеры. Мюонография является перспективным инструментом решения геологических и геофизических задач, причём не только в качестве дополнения к традиционным подходам, но и как самостоятельный экспериментальный метод поиска залежей полезных ископаемых, прогнозирования и анализа последствий сейсмических и вулканических процессов, оценки деформаций в зонах тектонических разрывных нарушений в оползневых зонах, карстовых массивах и др. Авторы статьи обладают более чем десятилетним опытом проведения мюонографических экспериментов с использованием ядерно-эмульсионных детекторов, регистрирующих атмосферные мюоны. В результате были созданы уникальные разработки, касающиеся постановки эксперимента, обработки и анализа данных, полученных с помощью фотографической ядерной эмульсии. В статье обсуждаются перспективы и особенности мюонографической методики в приложении к геологическим и геофизическим исследованиям.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мюонография геологического объекта</kwd><kwd>детекторы на основе фотографической ядерной эмульсии</kwd><kwd>высокотехнологичное сканирующее оборудование</kwd><kwd>аналитическая обработка данных</kwd><kwd>визуализация данных</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>muonography of a geological target</kwd><kwd>detectors based on photographic nuclear emulsion</kwd><kwd>high-tech scanning equipment</kwd><kwd>analytical data processing</kwd><kwd>data visualization</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках финансирования государственной программы федеральной территории «Сириус» «Научно-технологическое развитие федеральной территории «Сириус», Соглашение №34-03 от 05.08.2025.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The paper was prepared within the framework of funding for the state program of the “Sirius” federal territory “Scientific and Technological Development of the “Sirius” Federal Territory”, Agreement No. 34-03 dated 05.08.2025.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cimmino L. Principles and perspectives of radiographic imaging with muons. Imaging. 2021;7(12):253. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7120253</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cimmino L. Principles and perspectives of radiographic imaging with muons. Imaging. 2021;7(12):253. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7120253</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanaka H. K. M., Bozza C., Bross A. et al. Muography. Nature Reviews Methods Primers. 2023;(3):88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-023-00270-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanaka H. K. M., Bozza C., Bross A. et al. Muography. Nature Reviews Methods Primers. 2023;(3):88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-023-00270-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peña-Rodríguez J. Direct density estimation using muon radiography. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(1):014901. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273292</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peña-Rodríguez J. Direct density estimation using muon radiography. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(1):014901. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273292</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexandrov A., Babaev P., Chernyavsky M. et al. Muography of geometrically complex cultural heritage sites: challenges and solutions on the example of searching for hidden anomalies on the ancient monastery territory in the Vologda Region. Physics of Atomic Nuclei. 2025;88:615–631. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106377882570053X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandrov A., Babaev P., Chernyavsky M. et al. Muography of geometrically complex cultural heritage sites: challenges and solutions on the example of searching for hidden anomalies on the ancient monastery territory in the Vologda Region. Physics of Atomic Nuclei. 2025;88:615–631. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106377882570053X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хмелевской В. К., Горбачев Ю. И., Калинин А. В. и др. Геофизические методы исследований. Петропавловск-Камчатский: изд-во КГПУ; 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khmelevskoy V. K., Gorbachev Yu. I., Kalinin A. V. et al. Geophysical methods of research. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KGPU Publ.; 2004. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров А. Б., Владимиров М. С., Галкин В. И. и др. Метод мюонной радиографии для фундаментальных и прикладных исследований. Успехи физических наук. 2017;(187):1375–1392. https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.2017.07.038188 (Перев. вер.: Aleksandrov A. B., Vladymyrov M. S., Galkin V. I. et al. Muon radiography method for fundamental and applied research. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. 2017;(60):1277–1293. https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNe.2017.07.038188)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrov A. B., Vladymyrov M. S., Galkin V. I. et al. Muon radiography method for fundamental and applied research. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. 2017;(60):1277–1293. https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNe.2017.07.038188 (Orig. ver.: Aleksandrov A. B., Vladymyrov M. S., Galkin V. I. et al. Muon radiography method for fundamental and applied research. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. 2017;(187):1375–1392. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.2017.07.038188)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kremer J., Boezio M., Ambriola M. L. et al. Measurements of ground-level muons at two geomagnetic locations. Physical Review Letters. 1999;83:4241–4244. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4241</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kremer J., Boezio M., Ambriola M. L. et al. Measurements of ground-level muons at two geomagnetic locations. Physical Review Letters. 1999;83:4241–4244. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4241</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groom D. E., Mokhov N. V., Striganov S. I. Muon stopping power and range tables 10 MeV–100 TeV. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. 2001;78(2):183–356. https://doi.org/10.1006/adnd.2001.0861</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groom D. E., Mokhov N. V., Striganov S. I. Muon stopping power and range tables 10 MeV–100 TeV. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. 2001;78(2):183–356. https://doi.org/10.1006/adnd.2001.0861</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hong Y., Bonechi L., Borselli D. et al. Updates on MURAVES Project at Mt. Vesuvius. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(6):064906. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0275078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hong Y., Bonechi L., Borselli D. et al. Updates on MURAVES Project at Mt. Vesuvius. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(6):064906. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0275078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rabaglia S., Cervelli A., Sioli M. A new detector for muography applied to glaciers monitoring. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(7):074902. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0272790</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rabaglia S., Cervelli A., Sioli M. A new detector for muography applied to glaciers monitoring. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(7):074902. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0272790</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Surányi G., Varga D., Hamar G. et al. Underground muography measurements by the HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(6):064903. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273449</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Surányi G., Varga D., Hamar G. et al. Underground muography measurements by the HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(6):064903. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273449</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishiyama R., Tanaka Y., Okubo S. et al. Integrated processing of muon radiography and gravity anomaly data toward the realization of high-resolution 3-D density structural analysis of volcanoes: case study of Showa-Shinzan lava dome, Usu, Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2014;119(1):699–710. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010234</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishiyama R., Tanaka Y., Okubo S. et al. Integrated processing of muon radiography and gravity anomaly data toward the realization of high-resolution 3-D density structural analysis of volcanoes: case study of Showa-Shinzan lava dome, Usu, Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2014;119(1):699–710. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010234</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jourde K., Gibert D., Marteau J. Improvement of density models of geological structures by fusion of gravity data and cosmic muon radiographies. Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems. 2015;(4):177–188. https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-4-177-2015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jourde K., Gibert D., Marteau J. Improvement of density models of geological structures by fusion of gravity data and cosmic muon radiographies. Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems. 2015;(4):177–188. https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-4-177-2015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosas‐Carbajal M., Jourde K., Marteau J. et al. Three‐dimensional density structure of La Soufrière de Guadeloupe lava dome from simultaneous muon radiographies and gravity data. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017;44(13):6743–6751. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074285</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosas‐Carbajal M., Jourde K., Marteau J. et al. Three‐dimensional density structure of La Soufrière de Guadeloupe lava dome from simultaneous muon radiographies and gravity data. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017;44(13):6743–6751. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074285</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Le Gonidec Y., Rosas-Carbajal M., de Bremond d'Ars J. et al. Abrupt changes of hydrothermal activity in a lava dome detected by combined seismic and muon monitoring. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:3079. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39606-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Le Gonidec Y., Rosas-Carbajal M., de Bremond d'Ars J. et al. Abrupt changes of hydrothermal activity in a lava dome detected by combined seismic and muon monitoring. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:3079. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39606-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oláh L., Gallo G., Hamar G., et al. Muon imaging of volcanic conduit explains link between eruption frequency and ground deformation. Geophysical Research Letters. 2023;(50):e2022GL101170. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oláh L., Gallo G., Hamar G., et al. Muon imaging of volcanic conduit explains link between eruption frequency and ground deformation. Geophysical Research Letters. 2023;(50):e2022GL101170. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexandrov A., Anokhina A., Vasina S. et al. Principles of data processing of the muographic experiment in the cave complex of Pskovo-Pechersky Monastery. Physics of Atomic Nuclei. 2024;(87):718–731. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778824700649</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandrov A., Anokhina A., Vasina S. et al. Principles of data processing of the muographic experiment in the cave complex of Pskovo-Pechersky Monastery. Physics of Atomic Nuclei. 2024;(87):718–731. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778824700649</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алимирзаев Г. М., Фаттахов И. Г., Назимов Н. А. и др. Применение мюонной томографии для изучения строения и условий залегания битуминозных песчаников. Экспозиция Нефть Газ. 2026;(1):52–57. https://doi.org/10.24412/2076-6785-2026-1-52-57</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alimirzaev G. M., Fattakhov I. G., Nazimov N. A., et al., Application of muon tomography to investigate the structure and occurrence of bituminous sandstones. Exposition Oil Gas. 2026;(1):52–57. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez R., Shanto S.A., Moosajee M., Cano S. High-resolution muography using a prototype portable muon telescope. Journal of Undergraduate Research in Physics and Astronomy. 2020;30(1):100006. https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0002046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez R., Shanto S.A., Moosajee M., Cano S. High-resolution muography using a prototype portable muon telescope. Journal of Undergraduate Research in Physics and Astronomy. 2020;30(1):100006. https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0002046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rao G., Bieberle A., Hampel U., Wagner M. Design studies on large muon trigger detectors using silicon photomultiplier devices. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(11):114504. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0288270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rao G., Bieberle A., Hampel U., Wagner M. Design studies on large muon trigger detectors using silicon photomultiplier devices. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(11):114504. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0288270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sehgal R., Jha V. Optical multiplexing for channel reduction in scintillator based muon tomography system. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(9):094901. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273319</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sehgal R., Jha V. Optical multiplexing for channel reduction in scintillator based muon tomography system. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(9):094901. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273319</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morishima K., Kuno M., Nishio A. et al. Discovery of a big void in Khufu’s Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. Nature. 2017;552:386–390. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24647</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morishima K., Kuno M., Nishio A. et al. Discovery of a big void in Khufu’s Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. Nature. 2017;552:386–390. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24647</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tioukov V., Alexandrov A., Bozza C. et al. First muography of Stromboli volcano. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:6695. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43131-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tioukov V., Alexandrov A., Bozza C. et al. First muography of Stromboli volcano. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:6695. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43131-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morishima K., Kitagawa N., Nishio A. Development of nuclear emulsions for muography. Chap. 21. In: Oláh L., Tanaka H. K. M., Varga D. (Eds.) Muography: Exploring Earth's Subsurface with Elementary Particles. Geophysical Monograph Series. American Geophysical Union; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119722748.ch21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morishima K., Kitagawa N., Nishio A. Development of nuclear emulsions for muography. Chap. 21. In: Oláh L., Tanaka H. K. M., Varga D. (Eds.) Muography: Exploring Earth's Subsurface with Elementary Particles. Geophysical Monograph Series. American Geophysical Union; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119722748.ch21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexandrov A., Konovalova N., Okateva N. et al. Upgrade and new applications of the automated high-tech scanning facility PAVICOM for data processing of track detectors. Measurement. 2022;187:110244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110244</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandrov A., Konovalova N., Okateva N. et al. Upgrade and new applications of the automated high-tech scanning facility PAVICOM for data processing of track detectors. Measurement. 2022;187:110244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110244</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oláh L., Tanaka H.K.M., Varga D. (Eds.) Muography: Exploring Earth's Subsurface with Elementary Particles. Geophysical Monograph Series. American Geophysical Union; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119722748</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oláh L., Tanaka H.K.M., Varga D. (Eds.) Muography: Exploring Earth's Subsurface with Elementary Particles. Geophysical Monograph Series. American Geophysical Union; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119722748</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oláh L., Tanaka H. K. M. Toward joint muography and ground deformation monitoring for volcanic unrest assessment. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(6):060701. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0275038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oláh L., Tanaka H. K. M. Toward joint muography and ground deformation monitoring for volcanic unrest assessment. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(6):060701. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0275038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Z. X., Enqvist T., Holma M., Kuusiniemi P. Muography and its potential applications to mining and rock engineering. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2020;53:4893–4907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02199-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Z. X., Enqvist T., Holma M., Kuusiniemi P. Muography and its potential applications to mining and rock engineering. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2020;53:4893–4907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02199-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu G., Yao K., Niu F. et al. Deep investigation of muography in discovering geological structures in mineral exploration: a case study of Zaozigou gold mine. Geophysical Journal International. 2024;237(1):588–603. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu G., Yao K., Niu F. et al. Deep investigation of muography in discovering geological structures in mineral exploration: a case study of Zaozigou gold mine. Geophysical Journal International. 2024;237(1):588–603. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braunroth T., Berner N., Rowold F. et al. Muon radiography to visualise individual fuel rods in sealed casks. EPJ Nuclear Sciences &amp; Technologies. 2021;(7):12. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2021010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braunroth T., Berner N., Rowold F. et al. Muon radiography to visualise individual fuel rods in sealed casks. EPJ Nuclear Sciences &amp; Technologies. 2021;(7):12. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2021010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreetto P., Aymanns K., Balling M., et al. Results on re-verification tests of spent fuel casks with muon tomography: MUTOMCA project. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(12):124903. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0272975</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreetto P., Aymanns K., Balling M., et al. Results on re-verification tests of spent fuel casks with muon tomography: MUTOMCA project. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;138(12):124903. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0272975</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borselli D., Ambrosino F., Andreetto P., et al. Muon imaging of a blast furnace: The European project BLEMAB. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;(138):084902. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0272969</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borselli D., Ambrosino F., Andreetto P., et al. Muon imaging of a blast furnace: The European project BLEMAB. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025;(138):084902. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0272969</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чалкова Ю. С., Черепанов Б. М. Оползневые процессы, их прогнозирование и борьба с ними. Ползуновский вестник. 2007;(1–2):80–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalkova Yu. S., Cherepanov B. M. Landslide processes, their prediction and control. Polzunovskiy Vestnik. 2007;(1–2):80–89. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ежов В. С., Хорошилов В. С. Строение и классификация оползней. Интерэкспо ГЕО-Сибирь. 2022;(6):54–61. https://doi.org/10.33764/2618-981X-2022-6-54-61</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezhov V. S., Khoroshilov V. S. Structure and classification of landslides. Interekspo GEO-Sibir. 2022;(6):54–61. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33764/2618-981X-2022-6-54-61</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крахина Е. А., Экзарьян В. Н. Особенности и оценка оползневой опасности на территории города Москвы. Науки о Земле и недропользование. 2025;48(1):77–87. https://doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2025-48-1-77-87</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krakhina E. A., Ekzarian V. N. Features and assessment of landslide hazard in Moscow. Earth Sciences and Subsoil Use. 2025;48(1):77–87. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2025-48-1-77-87</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maeda K. On the zenithal distribution of extremely‐high‐energy cosmic‐ray muons in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1964;(69):1725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maeda K. On the zenithal distribution of extremely‐high‐energy cosmic‐ray muons in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1964;(69):1725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васина С. Г., Старков Н. И., Полухина Н. Г., Щедрина Т. В. Результаты тестового эксперимента по оптимизации количества эмульсионных слоев в современных ядерно-физических исследованиях с трековыми детекторами. Краткие сообщения по физике ФИАН. 2022;49(12):46–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasina S. G., Starkov N. I., Polukhina N. G., Shchedrina T. V. Results of the test experiment on optimization of the number of emulsion layers in modern nuclear studies with track detectors. Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute. 2022;49(12):429–435. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
