<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Mining Science and Technology (Russia)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Горные науки и технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0632</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The National University of Science and Technology MISiIS (NUST MISIS)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/2500-0632-2024-08-303</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gscience-790</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MINING ROCK PROPERTIES. ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOPHYSICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СВОЙСТВА ГОРНЫХ ПОРОД. ГЕОМЕХАНИКА И ГЕОФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Experimental research of stress-strain properties of sandy soil when strengthened with polyurethane compounds</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспериментальные исследования деформационно-прочностных свойств песчаного грунта при его укреплении полиуретановыми составами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5056-9279</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шилова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shilova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Викторовна Шилова – кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории физических методов воздействия на массив горных пород</p><p>г. Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana V. Shilova – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of physical methods of impact on the rock mass</p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shilovatanya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-4122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сердюков</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serdyukov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Владимирович Сердюков – доктор технических наук, заведующий лабораторией физических методов воздействия на массив горных пород</p><p>г. Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Serdyukov – Dr. Sci. (Eng.), the Head of the Laboratory of physical methods of impact on the rock mass</p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ss3032@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7567-6497</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дробчик</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drobchik</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Николаевич Дробчик – инженер-исследователь лаборатории физических методов воздействия на массив горных пород</p><p>г. Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey N. Drobchik – Research Engineer of the the Laboratory of physical methods of impact on the rock mass</p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valker.tiamant@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт горного дела им. Н. А. Чинакала СО РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N. A. Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Shilova T.V., Serdyukov S.V., Drobchik A.N., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шилова Т.В., Сердюков С.В., Дробчик А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shilova T.V., Serdyukov S.V., Drobchik A.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/790">https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/790</self-uri><abstract><p>In a number of cases during construction and operation of engineering facilities, development of mineral deposits it is necessary to improve the properties of sandy soils by strengthening them with polymer compounds. Analysis of current research shows that the effect of flow rate and method of treatment with polyurethanes on the acquired properties of loose rocks is poorly understood. The paper presents the results of laboratory research of chemical strengthening of sandy soil with polyurethane compounds. Geomaterials typically produced by strengthening loose rock with highly elastic polymers have low strength properties and are stable under only minor loads. To improve the strength, a two-binder sandy soil treatment process is proposed, which includes sequential mixing of the soil with a two-component highly elastic slow-reacting compound and a small volume of a fast-curing one-component resin. The aim of the work is to experimentally investigate the dependence of strain and strength properties of sandy soil on the method of mixing with polyurethane compounds and the polymer volume flow rate. A standard one-component method of mixing samples with highly elastic resin at the resin-to-sand volume ratio from 0.05 to 0.4 and a two-component method including additional treatment with fast-curing one-component resin in the volume of 5 % of the strengthened soil were experimentally tested. The effect of polyurethane resins on rock properties was evaluated by triaxial compression strength tests. Electron scanning microscopy was used to determine the content and distribution of cured polymers in the loose rock structure. It was found that the addition of a fast-curing polyurethane compound in the two-component mixing method leads to the formation of aggregates of cured polymer, binding mineral grains without continuous filling of intergranular voids. The presence of such aggregates improves the strength characteristics of sand up to 5 times that is 1.3–3 times more than at the standard one-component mixing with highly elastic resin at a resin-to-rock to be strengthened volume ratio up to 0.3. It was found that under triaxial compression conditions, the geomaterial obtained by the two-component mixing method withstands higher axial stresses. In case the volume ratio of resin to rock is more than 0.3, the strength of the produced geomaterial does not depend on the addition of the fast-curing compound. The study findings practical significance consists in increasing the strength of a sandy soil due to its low-volume strengthening with highly elastic polyurethanes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>При возведении и эксплуатации инженерных объектов, разработке месторождений твердых полезных ископаемых в ряде случаев необходимо улучшать свойства песчаных грунтов за счет их армирования полимерными составами. Анализ современных исследований показывает, что влияние расхода и способа обработки полиуретанами на приобретенные свойства рыхлых пород слабо изучено. В работе представлены результаты лабораторных исследований химического закрепления песчаного грунта полиуретановыми составами. Геоматериалы, обычно получаемые при армировании рыхлых пород высокоэластичными полимерами, имеют низкие прочностные свойства и стабильны лишь при незначительных нагрузках. Для повышения прочности предложена технология двухрастворной обработки песчаного грунта, включающая последовательное смешение породы с двухкомпонентным высокоэластичным медленно реагирующим составом и малым объемом быстротвердеющей однокомпонентной смолы. Цель работы – экспериментальное исследование зависимости деформационно-прочностных свойств песчаного грунта от способа смешения с полиуретановыми составами и объемного расхода полимера. Экспериментально протестированы стандартный однорастворный способ смешения образцов с высокоэластичной смолой в соотношении объемов с песком от 0,05 до 0,4 и двухрастворный, включающий дополнительную обработку быстротвердеющей однокомпонентной смолой в объеме 5 % от укрепляемого грунта. Влияние полиуретановых смол на свойства породы оценивали по результатам прочностных испытаний методом трехосного сжатия. Для определения содержания и распределения отвержденных полимеров в структуре рыхлой породы использовался метод электронно-сканирующей микроскопии. Установлено, что добавление быстротвердеющего полиуретанового состава в двухрастворном способе смешения приводит к формированию агрегатов отвержденного полимера, связывающих минеральные зерна без сплошного заполнения межзерновых пустот. Наличие таких агрегатов повышает прочностные характеристики песка до 5 раз, что в 1,3–3 раза больше, чем при стандартном однорастворном смешении с высокоэластичной смолой в объемном соотношении с укрепляемой породой до 0,3. Установлено, что в условиях трехосного сжатия геоматериал, полученный при двухрастворном способе смешения, выдерживает более значительные осевые деформации. В случае объемного соотношения смолы и породы более 0,3 прочность получаемого геоматериала не зависит от добавки быстродействующего состава. Практическая значимость полученных результатов состоит в повышении прочности песчаного грунта при его малообъемном укреплении высокоэластичными полиуретанами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>грунт</kwd><kwd>песок</kwd><kwd>свойства</kwd><kwd>прочность</kwd><kwd>укрепление</kwd><kwd>технология</kwd><kwd>обработка</kwd><kwd>полиуретан</kwd><kwd>смола</kwd><kwd>геоматериал</kwd><kwd>испытание</kwd><kwd>трехосное сжатие</kwd><kwd>разрушение</kwd><kwd>деформация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>soil</kwd><kwd>sand</kwd><kwd>properties</kwd><kwd>strength</kwd><kwd>strengthening</kwd><kwd>technology</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd><kwd>polyurethane</kwd><kwd>resin</kwd><kwd>geomaterial</kwd><kwd>testing</kwd><kwd>triaxial compression</kwd><kwd>failure</kwd><kwd>strain</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена в рамках проекта НИР (номер государственной регистрации 121052500138-4, код (шифр) научной темы FWNZ-2021-0001). В работе использовано оборудование ЦКП ГГГИ СО РАН.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This research was conducted as part of a state-funded research project (State Registration No. 121052500138-4, Research Topic Code FWNZ-2021-0001). The equipment of the RAS SB MAC GGGM was used in the work.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J., Qi X., Zhang D. et al. Study on the permeability characteristics of polyurethane soil stabilizer reinforced sand. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2017;2017(1):5240186. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5240186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J., Qi X., Zhang D. et al. Study on the permeability characteristics of polyurethane soil stabilizer reinforced sand. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2017;2017(1):5240186. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5240186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shilova T., Serdyukov A., Serdyukov S., Ivanova O. Rock reinforcement by stepwise injection of two-component silicate resin. Polymers. 2022;14(23):5251. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235251</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shilova T., Serdyukov A., Serdyukov S., Ivanova O. Rock reinforcement by stepwise injection of two-component silicate resin. Polymers. 2022;14(23):5251. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235251</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пензев А. П., Самарин Е. Н., Шеховцова А. В. и др. Сравнение эффективности инъекционного закрепления песчаных грунтов в полевых и лабораторных условиях растворами на основе алифатической эпоксидной смолы. Инженерная геология. 2023;ХVIII(4):50–62. https://doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2023-18-4-50-62</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Penzev A. P., Samarin E. N., Shekhovtsova A. V. et al. Comparison of the efficiency of injection stabilization of sandy soils in field and laboratory conditions with solutions based on aliphatic epoxy resin. Engineering Geology World. 2023;ХVIII(4):50–62. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2023-18-4-50-62</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исрафилов К. А., Харченко И. Я., Алексеев В. А. Стабилизация проницаемых грунтов модифицированными инъекционными суспензиями на основе коллоидного кремнезёма. Системные технологии. 2021;(3):21–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Israfilov K. A., Kharchenko I. YA., Alekseev V. A. Stabilization of permeable soils with modified in-equation sus-pensions based on colloidal silica. System Technologies. 2021;(3):21–26. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma S., Ma M., Huang Z. et al. Research on the improvement of rainfall infiltration behavior of expansive soil slope by the protection of polymer waterproof coating. Soils and Foundations. 2023;63(3):101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2023.101299</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma S., Ma M., Huang Z. et al. Research on the improvement of rainfall infiltration behavior of expansive soil slope by the protection of polymer waterproof coating. Soils and Foundations. 2023;63(3):101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2023.101299</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esmaeili M., Khajehei H. Mechanical behavior of embankments overlying on loose subgrade stabilized by deep mixed columns. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2016;8(5):651–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.02.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esmaeili M., Khajehei H. Mechanical behavior of embankments overlying on loose subgrade stabilized by deep mixed columns. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2016;8(5):651–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.02.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choobbasti A. J., Kutanaei S. S. Microstructure characteristics of cement-stabilized sandy soil using nanosilica. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2017;9(5):981–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choobbasti A. J., Kutanaei S. S. Microstructure characteristics of cement-stabilized sandy soil using nanosilica. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2017;9(5):981–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильев В. В. Полимерные композиции в горном деле. М.: Наука; 1986. 294 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasiliev V. V. Polymer compositions in mining. Moscow: Nauka Publ. House; 1986. 294 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu H., Wang F., Shi M., Tian W. Mechanical behavior of polyurethane polymer materials under triaxial cyclic loading: a particle flow code approach. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition. 2018;33:980–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-018-1922-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu H., Wang F., Shi M., Tian W. Mechanical behavior of polyurethane polymer materials under triaxial cyclic loading: a particle flow code approach. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition. 2018;33:980–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-018-1922-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сафин А. Г., Сафин Р. Р. Geolift. Применение полиуретанов для стабилизации грунтов и усиления оснований. Полимеры в строительстве. 2024;1(12):26–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Safin A. G., Safin R. R. Geolift. The use of polyurethanestostabilize soils and strengthenbases. Polymers in Construction. 2024;1(12):26–29. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cornely W. Elastified silicate resins and polyurethane foam resins for the stabilization of strata-a comparison. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Seminary Reinforcement and Sealing of Rock and Construction at the Beginning of 21st Century. Ostrava, Czech Republic, February; 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cornely W. Elastified silicate resins and polyurethane foam resins for the stabilization of strata-a comparison. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Seminary Reinforcement and Sealing of Rock and Construction at the Beginning of 21st Century. Ostrava, Czech Republic, February; 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Souza F. M., Kahol P. K., Gupta R. K. Chapter 1. Introduction to polyurethane chemistry. In: Polyurethane Chemistry: Renewable Polyols and Isocyanates. Pittsburg: ASC Publications; 2021. Pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2021-1380.ch001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Souza F. M., Kahol P. K., Gupta R. K. Chapter 1. Introduction to polyurethane chemistry. In: Polyurethane Chemistry: Renewable Polyols and Isocyanates. Pittsburg: ASC Publications; 2021. Pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2021-1380.ch001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sabri M. M. S., Vatin N. I., Alsaffar K. A. M. Soil injection technology using an expandable polyurethane resin: a review. Polymers. 2021;13(21):3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213666</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sabri M. M. S., Vatin N. I., Alsaffar K. A. M. Soil injection technology using an expandable polyurethane resin: a review. Polymers. 2021;13(21):3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213666</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sabri M. M., Shashkin K. G. The mechanical properties of the expandable polyurethane resin based on its volumetric expansion nature. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2020;(6):9811. https://doi.org/10.18720/MCE.98.11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sabri M. M., Shashkin K. G. The mechanical properties of the expandable polyurethane resin based on its volumetric expansion nature. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2020;(6):9811. https://doi.org/10.18720/MCE.98.11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Šňupárek R., Souček K. Laboratory testing of chemical grouts. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2000;15(2):175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00045-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Šňupárek R., Souček K. Laboratory testing of chemical grouts. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2000;15(2):175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00045-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jinpeng Z., Limin L., Yang L. Mechanism and experiment of self-stress grouting reinforcement for fractured rock mass of underground engineering. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2023;131:104826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104826</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jinpeng Z., Limin L., Yang L. Mechanism and experiment of self-stress grouting reinforcement for fractured rock mass of underground engineering. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2023;131:104826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104826</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Задирака А. А. Применение полиуретановых композитных составов для устройства оснований и/или покрытий транспортных сооружений. Вестник Белгородского государственного технологического университета им. В. Г. Шухова. 2017;2(4):72–75. https://doi.org/10.12737/article_58e61337c965d4.60850341</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zadiraka A. A. The use of polyurethane formulations for composite devices bases and / or coatings of transport facilities. Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov. 2017;2(4):72–75. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.12737/article_58e61337c965d4.60850341</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шилова Т. В., Сердюк И. М., Сердюков С. В. и др. Изменение проницаемости рыхлой породы при неполном насыщении высокоэластичной полимерной смолой. Физико-технические проблемы разработки полезных ископаемых. 2024;(1):26–32. https://doi.org/10.15372/FTPRPI20240103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shilova T. V., Serdyuk I. M., Serdyukov S. V. et al. Change in permeability of loose rocks in partial impregnation with high-elastic polymer. Fiziko-Texhnicheskiye Problemy Razrabbotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh. 2024;(1):26–32. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15372/FTPRPI20240103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Velez D., Alumbreros D., Carpintero D. et al. Chapter: Consolidation and waterproofing by injection of PU resins. Ilarion Dam-treatment on the spillway tunnel. In: Anagnostou G., Benardos A., Marinos V. P. (Eds.) Expanding Underground-Knowledge and Passion to Make a Positive Impact on the World. Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2023 (WTC 2023). 12–18 May 2023, Athens, Greece. London: CRC Press; 2023. Pp. 1048–1056. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003348030-125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Velez D., Alumbreros D., Carpintero D. et al. Chapter: Consolidation and waterproofing by injection of PU resins. Ilarion Dam-treatment on the spillway tunnel. In: Anagnostou G., Benardos A., Marinos V. P. (Eds.) Expanding Underground-Knowledge and Passion to Make a Positive Impact on the World. Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2023 (WTC 2023). 12–18 May 2023, Athens, Greece. London: CRC Press; 2023. Pp. 1048–1056. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003348030-125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аскадский А. А. Деформация полимеров. М.: Химия; 1973. 448 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Askadsky A. A. Polymer deformation. M.: Khimiya Publ. House; 1973. 448 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miranda L., Caldeira L., Serra J. B., Gomes R. C. Geotechnical characterization of a novel material obtained by injecting a closed cell expansive polyurethane resin into a sand mass. Transportation Geotechnics. 2023;42:101051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2023.101051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miranda L., Caldeira L., Serra J. B., Gomes R. C. Geotechnical characterization of a novel material obtained by injecting a closed cell expansive polyurethane resin into a sand mass. Transportation Geotechnics. 2023;42:101051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2023.101051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anagnostopoulos C. A., Papaliangas T., Manolopoulou S., Dimopoulos T. Physical and mechanical properties of chemically grouted sand. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2011;26(6):718–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.05.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anagnostopoulos C. A., Papaliangas T., Manolopoulou S., Dimopoulos T. Physical and mechanical properties of chemically grouted sand. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2011;26(6):718–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.05.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J., Bu F., Bai Y. et al. Study on engineering properties of sand strengthened by mixed fibers and polyurethane organic polymer. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2020;79:3049–3062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01751-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J., Bu F., Bai Y. et al. Study on engineering properties of sand strengthened by mixed fibers and polyurethane organic polymer. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2020;79:3049–3062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01751-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J., Li X., Wang C. et al. Quantitative analysis of the representative volume element of polymer grouting materials based on geometric homogenization. Construction and Building Materials. 2021;300:124223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124223</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J., Li X., Wang C. et al. Quantitative analysis of the representative volume element of polymer grouting materials based on geometric homogenization. Construction and Building Materials. 2021;300:124223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124223</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bodi J., Bodi Z., Scucka J., Martinec P. Chapter 14. Polyurethane grouting technologies. In: Zafar F., Sharmin E. (eds.) Polyurethane. IntechOpen; 2012. Pp. 307–336. https://doi.org/10.5772/35791</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodi J., Bodi Z., Scucka J., Martinec P. Chapter 14. Polyurethane grouting technologies. In: Zafar F., Sharmin E. (eds.) Polyurethane. IntechOpen; 2012. Pp. 307–336. https://doi.org/10.5772/35791</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
