gscienceMining Science and Technology (Russia)Горные науки и технологии2500-0632The National University of Science and Technology MISiIS (NUST MISIS)10.17073/2500-0632-2025-02-899gscience-899Research ArticleMINING ROCK PROPERTIES. ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOPHYSICSСВОЙСТВА ГОРНЫХ ПОРОД. ГЕОМЕХАНИКА И ГЕОФИЗИКАAssessing the limits of applicability of photopolymer 3D printing for physical modeling in geosciencesИсследование границ применимости фотополимерной 3D-печати для физического моделирования в геонаукахhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-0795КожевниковЕ. В.KozhevnikovE. V.

Евгений Васильевич Кожевников – кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры нефтегазовых технологий

г. Пермь

Scopus ID 55531698200

SPIN-код 3914-7370

Evgenii V. Kozhevnikov – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor at the Department of Oil and Gas Technologies

Perm

Scopus ID 55531698200

SPIN 3914-7370

kozhevnikov_evg@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-5847ТурбаковМ. С.TurbakovM. S.

Михаил Сергеевич Турбаков – кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры нефтегазовых технологий, ведущий сотрудник лаборатории природных газовых гидратов

г. Пермь

Scopus ID 36443127500

ResearcherID A-5611-2014

SPIN-код 1613-8284

Mikhail S. Turbakov – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor at the Department of Oil and Gas Technologies, Leading Researcher at the Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrates

Perm

Scopus ID 36443127500

ResearcherID A-5611-2014

SPIN 1613-8284

msturbakov@pstu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-7957-8280ИвановЗ. Г.IvanovZ. G.

Захар Григорьевич Иванов – лаборант кафедры нефтегазовых технологий

г. Пермь

Scopus ID 59022877200

SPIN-код 

Zakhar G. Ivanov – Laboratory Assistant at the Department of Oil and Gas Technologies

Perm

Scopus ID 59022877200

SPIN 1511-2857

zakharivanov@pstu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0555-3977РябоконьЕ. П.RiabokonE. P.

Евгений Павлович Рябоконь – кандидат технических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры нефтегазовых технологий

г. Пермь

Scopus ID 56006175100

SPIN-код 8783-5060

Evgenii P. Riabokon – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Lecturer at the Department of Oil and Gas Technologies

Perm

Scopus ID 56006175100

SPIN 8783-5060

riabokon@pstu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9934-5855КаменевП. А.KamenevP. A.

Павел Александрович Каменев – кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории геохимии и региональной геологии

г. Южно-Сахалинск,

Scopus ID 57193337193

SPIN-код 6271-5797

Pavel A. Kamenev – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Geochemistry and Regional Geology, Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMGG FEB RAS)

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Scopus ID 57193337193

SPIN 6271-5797

p.kamenev@imgg.ruПермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университетРоссияPerm National Research Polytechnic UniversityRussian FederationИнститут морской геологии и геофизики ДВО РАНРоссияInstitute of Marine Geology and Geophysics of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMGG FEB RAS)Russian Federation2026200420261115669Copyright © Kozhevnikov E.V., Turbakov M.S., Ivanov Z.G., Riabokon E.P., Kamenev P.A., 20262026Кожевников Е.В., Турбаков М.С., Иванов З.Г., Рябоконь Е.П., Каменев П.А.Kozhevnikov E.V., Turbakov M.S., Ivanov Z.G., Riabokon E.P., Kamenev P.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/899

The limited availability of natural core material and its unsuitability for repeated use in laboratory experiments create a need for alternative ways of producing specimens for geomechanical investigations. Against this background, 3D-printed rock replicas are attracting increasing interest. Among the available approaches, 3D-LCD printing is a readily accessible and precise stereolithographic technology based on the layer-by-layer curing of liquid photopolymers through a liquid-crystal display. The aim of this study was to experimentally evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of materials produced by this method and to compare them with those of natural rocks. To address this aim, a set of tests was performed, including microstructural analysis, nondestructive testing based on elastic-wave velocity measurements, and uniaxial compression tests. The results showed that the printed specimens were characterized by a high degree of isotropy in their elastic properties and by stable mechanical parameters under varying post-curing and storage conditions. The inclination of the printed layers relative to the loading direction was also found to have a significant effect on compressive strength and Young’s modulus: the highest strength values were obtained at an orientation angle of 60° (up to 162 MPa), whereas the lowest were recorded at 30° (up to 120 MPa). Comparison with test data for natural silicites, silicified dolomites, and opoka, a carbonate-siliceous sedimentary rock, showed comparable mechanical properties and similar deformation behavior within the elastic range (up to 20 MPa). Thus, 3D-LCD rock replicas can be used for the physical modeling of geotechnical processes and for laboratory studies of failure behavior; however, differences in failure mechanisms during plastic deformation must be taken into account.

Дефицит природного кернового материала и невозможность его многократного использования в лабораторных экспериментах обусловливают необходимость поиска альтернативных способов получения образцов для геомеханических исследований. В связи с этим всё более востребованным становится применение реплик горных пород, изготовленных методами 3D-печати. Одним из таких методов выступает 3D-LCD-печать – доступная и точная технология стереолитографии, основанная на послойном отверждении жидких фотополимеров через жидкокристаллический дисплей. В связи с этим целью настоящей работы являлось: экспериментальная оценка физико-механических характеристик материалов, получаемых данным методом, и их сопоставление с параметрами природных горных пород. Для решения поставленных задач был проведён комплекс испытаний, включающий микроструктурный анализ, неразрушающие исследования на основе измерения скорости упругих волн и испытания на одноосное сжатие. Испытания показали, что напечатанные образцы характеризуются высокой изотропией упругих свойств и стабильностью механических параметров при изменении условий постотверждения и хранения. Показано также, что наклон слоёв относительно направления нагружения существенно влияет на предел прочности и модуль Юнга: максимальные значения прочности достигаются при угле ориентации 60° (до 162 МПа), минимальные – при 30° (до 120 МПа). Сравнение с данными испытаний природных силицитов, окремнённых доломитов и опок выявило соизмеримость механических характеристик и сходство деформационного поведения в области упругих деформаций (до 20 МПа). Таким образом, 3D-LCD-реплики горных пород могут быть использованы для физического моделирования геотехнических процессов и оценки параметров разрушения в лабораторных условиях, однако требуют учёта различий в механизмах разрушения при пластическом деформировании.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.