Optimum methods of underground ore mining in Siberia

The problem of underground ore mining in Siberian lies in developing deposits in permafrost conditions – cryolithic zone, which covers 64% of the territory of Russia. The difficulty of completeness of mineral extraction with ensuring environmental safety in the permafrost zone lies primarily in the extremely high sensitivity of this zone to any technogenic impact. Mining industry has a great impact on the entire biosphere: atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and, first of all, causes air pollution. To manage air pollution during subsoil use, improving mining methods and techniques, decreasing emission of toxic gases, dust and capturing them in mined-out space to prevent their release into the atmosphere is required. The question of national security of Russia is selective mining of only rich ore areas, which leads to premature closure of mining enterprises and losses of strategic raw materials. The situation can be corrected by applying methods to avoid large losses of valuable ores in the subsoil. In this paper, the methods are considered that ensure high-performance mining, environmental safety and national security in the conditions of permafrost zone of Siberia.

1. Bakakin V.P. Led v kachestve materiala dlja zakladki vyrabotannogo prostranstva. [Ice as a material for bookmarking the worked out space]. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publ., 1959, 67 p.

2. Bronnikov D.M. Otchet o rezul'tatah komandirovki v Shveciju na mezhdunarodnyj simpozium po razrabotke mestorozhdenij poleznyh iskopaemyh s zakladkoj [Report on the results of a business trip to Sweden for an international symposium on the development of mineral deposits with a bookmark]. Moscow, Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources of Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publ., 1983, 27 p.

3. Galchenko Ju.P., Mihajlov Ju.V., Sabjanin G.V. Jekonomicheskaja jeffektivnost' primenenija l'doporodnoj zakladki pri podzemnoj razrabotke mestorozhdenij v kriolitozone [Economic efficiency of the application of the ice-bottom laying in the underground development of deposits in the permafrost zone]. Ecological Systems and Devices, 2005, no. 5, pp. 28-31.

4. Geotehnicheskie voprosy osvoenija Severa [Geotechnical issues of development of the North]. Ed. by O. Andersland and D. Anderson. Moscow, Nedra, 1983, 551 p.

5. Kamnev E.N., Mihajlov Ju.V., Morozov V.N. Problemy i perspektivy osvoenija uranovyh mestorozhdenij Vostochnoj Sibiri [Problems and prospects of development of uranium deposits of Eastern Siberia]. Mining Industry Journal, 2008, no. 2, pp. 81-91.

6. Lunjashin P. Sud'ba rossijskoj olovodobychi [The fate of Russian tin mining]. Gornopromyshlennye vedomosti, 2012, no. 8.

7. Mihaylov Ju.V. Podzemnaja razrabotka mestorozhdenij poleznyh iskopaemyh [Underground mining of mineral deposits]. Moscow, Publ. Center "Academy", 2008, 320 p.

8. Mihaylov Ju.V. Jekologicheskie osnovy nedropol'zovanija [Ecological basis of subsoil use]. Moscow, International Independent Ecological-Political University Publ., 2016, 348 p.

9. Mihaylov Ju.V., Galchenko Ju.P. Jekotehnologii podzemnoj dobychi cennyh rud v mnogoletnemerzlyh massivah Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka [Ecotechnology of underground mining of valuable ores in permafrost in Siberia and the Far East]. Jekologicheskij vestnik Rossii, no. 10, 2014, pp. 46-53.

10. Neobutov G.P. Povyshenie jeffektivno-sti dobychi rudy s ispol'zovaniem l'doporodnoj zakladki [Increasing the efficiency of ore extraction using an icedirt fill]. G.P. Neobutov, D.N. Petrov. Izvestia of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Izvestia RAS SamSC), 2011, Т. 13(39), no. 1(5), pp. 1274-1276.

11. Petrov D.N. Obosnovanie racio-nal'nyh parametrov formirovanija l'doporodnoj zakladki pri podzemnoj razrabotke mestorozhdenij kriolitozony. Diss. kand. tehn. nauk. [Substantiation of rational parameters for the formation of an ice-dirt fill in the underground development of deposits of cryolithozone. Cand. Tech. Sci. diss.]. Petrov Dmitrij Nikolaevich. Yakutsk, 2015, 153 p.

12. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 2 maja 2014 g. № 296 "O suhoputnyh territorijah Arktiche-skoj zony Rossijskoj Federacii" [Presidential Decree of May 2, 2014 No. 296 "On the Land Regions of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation"].

13. Fangel' H. Zakladka vyrabotannogo prostranstva l'dom [Laying the worked out space with ice]. Razrabotka mestorozhdenij s zakladkoj [Development of deposits with a fill]. Moscow, Mir, 1987, pp. 486504.

14. Hoberstofer G., Noren T. Ispol'zovanie l'da v kachestve zakladochnogo materiala [Use of ice as a backing material]. Patent of Sweden, cl. E 21 F, 15/00, no. 412623, 1978.

15. Cluff, D. Evaluation of frozen backfill for open stope mining in permafrost conditions. D.L. Cluff, J. Gallagher, A. Jalbout, V. Kazakidis, G. Swan. CIM 2008. Available at: www.infomine.com/publications/docs/Cluff2008.ppt

16. Fredrikson H. Metallernas Gjutning. Kompendium, KTH, Stockholm, 1978.

17. Frozen backfill research for Canadian mines. G. Kight, M. Harris, B. Gorski, and J.E. Udd. Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), 1994, 21 р.

18. Glen L.W. Experiments on the Deformation of Ice. Journal of Glaciology, vol. 2, Oxford, pp. 111-114.

19. Int. Union of Theor. and applied mechanics. Potok umerennogo l'da v vertikal'noj shahte s grubymi poverhnostjami sten [Flow of moderate ice in a vertical shaft with coarse wall surfaces]. Copenhagen, 1979, pp. 309-324.

20. Linden Eike von der. Gefrierversatz fur Bergwerke in der Arktis. "Erzmetall", 1980, vol. 33, no. 6, pр. 330-334.

21. Mining with ice-backfill. Fangel Henning. "Western Miner", 1982, vol. 55, no. 5, рp. 48-50.

22. Led v shahte: Sposob zakladki l'dom vyrabotannogo prostranstva v shahtah [Ice in the mine: Method of laying the mined space in the mines with ice]. Ny teknik, 1980, no. 34, 8 p.

23. Davis C.H., Paterson J. H. Progress with thin seam mechanization. Mining Engineer, 1965, 61, no. 5, рр. 54-58.

24. Stop Boring Techiques in South African Gold Mining. Mining Magazine, London, Mar., Anon., 1975, pp. 108.

25. Stacey T.R. Mechanical Mining of Strong Brittl Rock by Large Diameter "Stopecoring". Proc. 14th Can. Symp. Rock Mechanics, 1982, CIM Special, vol. 30, pp. 96-99.

26. Scobl M., Dimitrakopoulos R., et al. Machine mining of narrow, hardrock orebodies. CIM Bulletin, 1990, vol. 83, № 935, pp. 105-112.

27. Handbook of underground drilling. Tamrock Drills SF, Tampere, 1990, 328 p.

28. Non-explosive breaking of rock-latest development. Mining and Eng. J., 1985. no. 4084, pp. 15-27.