World ocean as the last reserve of mankind
https://doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2017-1-67-74
Abstract
Analysis of mineral resources base located in offshore zone and ocean space is an important aspect of development of industrial and economic potential. The issues of control over the Earth’s mineral resources as one of the most important components of geopolitical leadership are considered. It is shown that mineral resources of shelf zone, continental slope, and ocean floor are of the greatest interest from the viewpoint of possible commercial development. Data on the major oil and natural gas fields, deep-sea deposits of polymetallic sulfides, ferromanganese nodules, and cobalt-manganese crusts are analyzed. The mechanisms of state management in the field of using the resources of World Ocean and developing marine mining industry in Russia are substantiated.
About the Authors
A. S. KashirskyRussian Federation
Advisor.
125009, Moscow, Degtyarny pereulok, 9
Y. V. Kirichenko
Russian Federation
Dr. Sci. (Tech.). Professor of the department of geology.
119991, Moscow, Leninsky Prospect, 4
References
1. Ocenka vozmozhnosti vovlechenija zhelezo-margancevyh mestorozhdenij morskogo dna v razrabotku. Ch. I. Mineral'no-syr'evye resursy Mirovogo okeana. [Assessment of the possibility of involving iron-manganese deposits of the seabed in development. Part I. Mineral resources of the World Ocean.] M. Galperin, Yu.V. Kirichenko, M.V. Shchekina et al. – Moscow: GIAB. – 2014. – No. 5. – Pp. 134-142. In Russian.
2. Kirichenko Ju.V., Shhjokina M.V. Osvoenie resursov Mirovogo okeana – osnova nacional'noj bezopasnosti Rossii (sovremennoe sostojanie i puti reshenija) [The development of the resources of the World Ocean is the basis of the national security of Russia (the current state and solutions)]. Sat. Doc. VI Congress of Hydromechanisers of Russia. Moscow: Publishing House of the Center for Innovative Technologies, 2012. – Pp.101-110. In Russian.
3. Kozlovskij E.A., Maljutin Ju.S. Mirovoj okean kak rezerv mineral'nogo syr'ja v XXI veke [The World Ocean as a reserve of mineral raw materials in the XXI century]. World mining 2004-2005. – T. 1. – Pp. 165-179. In Russian.
4. Kozlovskij E.A., Maljutin Ju.S. Mirovoj okean kak rezerv mineral'nogo syr'ja v XXI veke.[The world ocean as a reserve of mineral raw materials in the 21st century]. Moscow: Nature-resource lists. – 2005. – No. 3-4. – Pp. 12-18. In Russian.
5. Kompleksnoe osvoenie nedr: Perspektivy rasshirenija mineral'no-syr'evoj bazy Rossii [Integrated development of mineral resources: Prospects for expanding the mineral and raw materials base of Russia]. Ed. K.N. Trubetskoy, V.A. Chanturia, D.R. Kaplunova. – Moscow: 2009. – 496 p. In Russian.
6. Materials for the joint meeting of the Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on Natural Resources, Nature Management and Ecology and the Higher Mountain Council April 23, 2015 – Moscow: The State Duma. – 40 p. In Russian.
7. Mero J. Mineral'nye bogatstva okeana [Mineral wealth of the ocean]. – Moscow: Progress, 1969. – 440 p. In Russian.
8. Tehnologija dobychi poleznyh iskopaemyh so dna ozer, morej i okeanov [Technology extraction of minerals from the bottom of lakes, seas and oceans]. Under total. Ed. V.V. Rzhevsky and G.A. Nurok. – Moscow: Nedra, 1979. – 381 p.
9. Kirichenko U.V., Kashirsky A.S. Development of underwater fields of firm minerals for a solution of the problem of deficiency of the mineral raw materials. I scientific Reports on Resource Issues 2014, vol.1, innovations in Mineral Resource Value Chains. – 2014, supported by the IVR Partner Universities. – Pp. 239-247.
10. Geochemistry of buried miocene - plestocene ferromanganese nodules from the Antarctic ocean. F. Aumento and J.M. MacGillivray, Department of Geology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. – Pp.795-803.
11. Andreev S.I., Goleva R.V., Jubko V.M. Jekonomicheskie i geopoliticheskie aspekty problemy osvoenija mineral'nyh resursov Mirovogo okeana [Economic and geopolitical aspects of the problem of developing the mineral resources of the World Ocean]. Mineral Resources of Russia. Economics and Management. – 2006. – No. 3. – P. 72-78. In Russian.
12. Francheteau J., Needham H.D., Choukroune P. et al. Nature. 1969. V. 277. No. 5697. – Рp. 523-528.
13. Kenneth J. Morskaja geologija [Marine Geology]. – Moscow: Mir, 1987. – T. 1. – 397 p. In Russian.
14. Murray J., Renard A.F. Report on Deep-Sea Deposits Based on the Specimens Collected during the Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger in the Years 1872–1876, in Challenger Reports, London Government Printer, 1891. – 525 p.
15. Aumento F., MacGillivray J.M. Geochemistry of buried miocene-plestocene ferromanganese nodules from the Antarctic ocean. – Washington.: US. Govt. Printing Office. – 1975. – Pp. 795-803.
16. Hashimoto I., Ohta S., Fiaba-Medioni A. et al. Hidrothermal vent commuitis in the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: Results of the BIOACCESS cruises ’96 and ‘98” // Inter Ridge News. – 1999. – Vol. 8(2). – Pp. 12-18.
17. Gromet L.P., Dymek R.F., Haskin L.A., Korotev R.L. // Geochim. Et cosmochim. Acta. –1984. – V. 48. –№ 12. – Pp. 2469-2482.
18. Xavier A. Sedimentologische und steukturelle Untersuchungen zur Genese der marinen Eisen-Mangan-Akkretionen (“Mangan-Knollen”), Seckenbergina marit, 1976, 8, No 4/6. – Pp. 271-309.
19. Addy S.K. Distribution of the Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni and Co in coexisting manganese nodules and micronodules, Marine geology, 1978, 28, M9-M19.
20. Timothy Green. The World of Diamonds. London. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981. – 376 p.
Review
For citations:
Kashirsky A.S., Kirichenko Y.V. World ocean as the last reserve of mankind. Mining Science and Technology (Russia). 2017;(1):67-76. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2017-1-67-74